Ecarin activity is the principal behind the Ecarin Clotting Time (ECT) assay, which is used to assess antithrombotic effect and thrombin inhibition.

Roquefortine C is a paralytic neurotoxin of a dioxopiperazine structure produced by a diverse range of fungi, most notably Penicillium species.

Tenuazonic acid is a mycotoxin, which belongs to the class of tetramic acids, the largest family of natural products. It is generally isolated from phytopathogenic fungal species like Alternaria alternata, A. longipes and A. tenuissima.

Cord factor is a glycolipid released from Mycobacterium that becomes toxic and antigenic when it interacts with cell surface lipids.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated ϖ fatty acid constituent of the phospholipids of cell membranes. Structurally, it is a 20-carbon chain that contains four cis double bonds, which allow the free acid form of AA to be an insoluble oil; this can be converted to the water-soluble sodium salt form within the normal physiological pH range. Arachidonic acid is metabolized by multiple enzymes to yield various metabolites; AA and its metabolites play important roles in a variety of biological processes, including signal transduction, smooth muscle contraction, chemotaxis, cell proliferation and differentiation and apoptosis.

Globomycin is a cyclic peptide antibiotic, which inhibits the growth of enteric Gram-negative bacteria through cell wall synthesis inhibition.

Gramicidin is a naturally occuring polypeptide antibiotic.